While all these movements spilled over to Europe to a limited degree, the development of Protestantism in Europe was more dominated by secularization, leading to an increasingly post-Christian Europe. To some degree, these protests can be explained by the events of the previous two centuries in Europe and particularly in Bohemia. Britain was isolated from Continental Europe and had no prospect of reentering it to dislodge Adolf Hitler without the help of powerful allies (i.e., the United States and Soviet Union). Demands for power of every kind have unfortunately a tendency to arise at the same time, so that in the absence of storage of power there seems no prospect of the load-factors for general supply of power in towns exceeding, in the most favourable conditions, 40%. The load-factor of most public hydraulic power supplies is considerably under 30%. It is questionable, however, whether a very high load-factor conduces to economy of working expenses as a whole in any general supply of energy. Mr. Newnes's office (general view). The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the GNU Affero General Public License from time to time. Beginning in the 1980s, the rapid fragmenting became accompanied by a general secularization of Western society.

The Great Awakenings were periods of rapid and dramatic religious revival in American religious history, from the 1730s to the mid-19th century. Following the breakdown of monastic institutions and scholasticism in late medieval Europe, accentuated by the "Babylonian Captivity" of the Papacy, the Papal Schism, and the failure of the Conciliar movement, the sixteenth century saw a great cultural debate about religious reforms and later fundamental religious values (See German mysticism). Protests against Rome began in earnest when Martin Luther, an Augustinian friar and professor at the university of Wittenberg, called in 1517 for a reopening of the debate on the sale of indulgences. The Catholic Church officially concluded debate over Hus' teachings at the Council of Constance (1414-1417). The conclave condemned Jan Hus, who was executed by burning in spite of a promise of safe-conduct. In Germany, a hundred years later, protests against Roman Catholic authorities erupted in many places at once during a time of threatened Islamic Ottoman invasion ¹ which distracted the German princes in particular.

Protestants generally trace to the 16th century their separation from the Catholic Church. Older Protestant churches, such as the Unitas Fratrum (Unity of the Brethren), Moravian Brethren or the Bohemian Brethren trace their origin to the time of Jan Hus in the early 15th century. As the Hussite movement was led by a majority of Bohemian nobles and recognized for a time by the Basel Compacts, this is considered by some to be the first Magisterial Reformation in Europe. These also spread later to other parts of Europe. Distribution of Protestantism and Roman Catholicism in Central Europe on the eve of the Thirty Years' War (1618) Crypto-Protestants are not shown. Mainstream Protestantism began with the Magisterial Reformation, so called because it received support from the magistrates (that is, the civil authorities). The Radical Reformation, had no state sponsorship. The outcome of the Black Death encouraged a radical reorganization of the economy, and eventually of European society. As the more radical implications of the scientific and cultural influences of the Enlightenment began to be felt in Protestant churches, especially in the 19th century, Liberal Christianity, exemplified especially by numerous theologians in Germany in the 19th century, sought to bring the churches alongside of the broad revolution that Modernism represented.

The Council of Constance confirmed and strengthened the traditional medieval conception of Churches and Empires. The council could not prevent schism and the Hussite Wars in Bohemia. 1489) preached reformation as early as 1522 in Dauphiné, where the French Wars of Religion later originated in 1562, also known as Huguenot wars. The first of a series of disruptive and new perspectives came from John Wycliffe at Oxford University, then from Jan Hus at the University of Prague (Hus had been influenced by Wycliffe). Gottschalk was defended by Ratramnus, who denied transubstantiation and whose writings influenced some reformers. Claudius of Turin denied the power of the papacy, and the role of good works in salvation, thus believing in faith alone. Following the Black Death, the initial loss of life due to famine, plague, and pestilence contributed to an intensification of capital accumulation in the urban areas, and thus a stimulus to trade, industry, and burgeoning urban growth in fields as diverse as banking (the Fugger banking family in Augsburg and the Medici family of Florence being the most prominent); textiles, armaments, especially stimulated by the Hundred Years' War, and mining of iron ore due, in large part, to the booming armaments industry.

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